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History Of United States Healthcare System - 1546 Words

Introduction With incredibly high costs and a lack of high quality care, the multitier healthcare system of the United States has several major flaws. The system we have established has proven to no longer be practical in most, if not all major areas. Improvement initiatives (i.e. Oregon Health Plan, Leapfrog, Lean Manufacturing, and Pay-for-Performance) have been implemented into the current system, and all of them are under experimental measures to determine if they can bring pressure off of the healthcare system. With the increasing support for universal health coverage in order to decrease health disparities in the country, the current quality initiatives seem to be the best ways to improve the quality of care, reduce costs, and increase equality in healthcare. The purpose of this paper is to scope this social problem over the last 30-50 years and carefully examine and predict future problems that may arise if the system is not corrected promptly (Pushman Chung, 2009). History of United States Healthcare The US healthcare system has been more than reasonably been called the accidental system. In fact, Uwe Reinhardt, a Princeton health economist, made the statement that, â€Å"If we had to do it again, no policy analyst would recommend this model.† Researchers on healthcare reform, Pushman and Chang, made the following remarks: â€Å"The decision made by President Roosevelt following his election in 1932 that rejected universal healthcare in favor of passing a bill for SocialShow MoreRelatedThe United States : The Greatest Nation Of The World1219 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION The United States of America, the self-proclaimed sole remaining superpower, often touts that it is the greatest nation in the world. Yet, when the data is analyzed, this claim is proven time and time again to be wrong, whether it is math or science, literacy or numbers, household income or workforce. Time and time again, and the numbers continue to slip. Healthcare is no exception. In 2012, the United States ranked thirty-second worldwide in life expectancy (Avendano and Kawachi 2014)Read MoreBenefits Of Universal Free Healthcare757 Words   |  4 PagesShould the United States government provide free health care services to everyone in the U.S.? millions of Americans those residing in the U.S. have lost their health insurance. In Canada and mother other countries health insurance is already guaranteed. Experts have argued that universal free healthcare can be very successful. On the contrary. Other professionals have argued that universal free healthcare would be detrimental for t he economy, such as being expensive and/or lack of quality. Canada’sRead MoreImplementing Universal Healthcare Coverage For All Citizens1715 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States is in a period of transition in regards to healthcare. After the passing of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), more widely known as â€Å"ObamaCare†, in 2010, many dissenting politicians looked towards Europe to find critiques of the universal systems already in place. The Scandinavian countries and the United Kingdom were the main targets of allegations that the United States was attempting to become socialist. However, there is an alternative path to universal healthcare that may provideRead MoreU.s. Healthcare Systems Of The United States1185 Words   |  5 PagesU.S. Healthcare Systems The United States has a broad history of diversity and challenges that no other country has faced. One of those challenges has been providing healthcare for its citizens. Healthcare in the United States started out with many religious groups that wanted to help those in need. This form of care for the people of this country has grown to a healthcare system that accounts for 3.2 trillion dollars of the nation’s gross domestic products (CMS (2016). This staggering number hasRead MoreMedicare: The United States First Medical Social Insurance Program847 Words   |  3 Pagesindividuals† (1). The United States government operates several national social insurance programs. Medicare is the United States’ first medical social insurance program. This program was designed to provide health insurance to the elderly and protect them from financial hardship due to illness. A thorough investigation of this program reveals the overall history, financial cost, and the total ef fect that it has had on the healthcare system. The idea of a national healthcare plan was first introducedRead MoreAccess Plus Health Care Initiative Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesCalifornia region. This report will review the history of healthcare in the region, the feasibility financial wise of expanding into the region, and finally how the government in the region has influenced the decision to expand into California. Refer to the appendix for previous findings. 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Its systemic effects on healthcare in this country are numberous, from insurance to ambulatory care, from healthcare related taxes to healthcare resources, and beyond. That said, the following research paper attempts to summarize how this massive piece of legislation has effected healthcare in the United States, to date; with a particular eye towards the effects on the average healthcare consumer. Lastly, it concludes with reasonsRead MoreAccountable Care Organizations1555 Words   |  7 PagesAccountable Care Organizations and The National Healthcare System | :The Next generation of Healthcare in America | | Accountable Care Organizations and the National Healthcare System The Next Generation of Healthcare in America National healthcare has been a hot button issue around dinner tables in America for years. Everyone seems to have an option on what will or will not work, how our county will afford it and what a plan would entail. Although we are unsure of how a plan wouldRead MoreThe Healthcare Delivery System Of The United Kingdom1232 Words   |  5 PagesThe Healthcare Delivery System of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom (UK) lies in mainland Europe and is composed of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales), Northern Ireland and some smaller local islands. The United Kingdom is surrounded by the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea, and the English Channel. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as the head of the sovereign state. The prime minister is the head of the government. According to

Bless Me Essay Research Paper Bless me free essay sample

Bless Me Essay, Research Paper Bless me, Ultima Essay What is faith? Does everyone hold faith? Is faith believing in something you haven? t seen but you think is true? All of these inquiries have an reply and in Bless me, Ultima by Rodolfo Anaya these inquiries are of import. In fact, many people question their religion because they are baffled about what they see or hear. In Bless me, Ultima, Rudolfo Anaya shows that on this universe there are many types of religion one believes in. The writer uses imagination, folklore, and dream sequences to convey the significance of Bless me, Ultima. Anaya uses imagination to demo how Christianity and witcheries are two different beliefs, and they are in struggle with each other. The imagination provides a image of Tony? s struggle of Ultima deceasing. For illustration, When Tony was following to Ultima he knew she was traveling to decease. We will write a custom essay sample on Bless Me Essay Research Paper Bless me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As Ultima was deceasing, ? Her voice really weak, her eyes already glazed with death. ? ( 260 ) Anaya makes that imagination for us to see what Tony was seeing. Second, Anaya uses dream sequences to demo that Tony has struggles with himself about his beliefs. He inquiries his belief in this dream because he is afraid of what he might happen out. In his dream Tony says, ? Everything I believe in was destroyed. A painful wrenching in my bosom made me shout aloud, why God? my God, why have you forsaken me! ? ( 243 ) Tony can non accept what is go oning. Why do all good people have to decease? In fact, Anaya uses folklore in this narrative to demo that every linguistic communication there is folklore about faiths that believes in. Therefore, in this portion it says ? The Agua Negra was the land of the Commanche Indians. Three Commanche raided the flock of one. So grandfather Tellez hanged them and left them thread on a tree. Now their psyches wandered around the spread. ? ( 227 ) This is one folklore from the narrative. Many are passed down from coevals to coevals. In decision, Anaya showed how Tony had many struggles with himself about faith and beliefs. Any beliefs that one has are traveling to be different from person else? s. In Bless me, Ultima Rodolfo Anaya shows that this Earth are many types of religions. Yet, one has a freedom to take one? s way in life. Whether is to believe in a God or non.

Australian Immigration Law Measuring Immigration Policies

Question: 1. 750 Words James Morris is a 28-year-old citizen of the United Kingdom living in Australia. On 20 January 2015 he lodged a valid application for a Partner (Temporary) (Class UK) subclass 820 visa while holding a Student (Temporary) (Class TU) Subclass 573 visa. The subclass 573 visa was James first student visa, was applied for on 15 January 2012 and was valid until 15 March 2016. The subclass 820 Partner visa was granted on 20 March 2016 on the basis of his de facto relationship with Susan Peak, an Australian citizen. James has called you to say that the relationship with Susan has broken down and Susan has informed the Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP) of the change of circumstances. James has now received a letter from DIBP asking for him to comment on the information and advising him that his application for the Partner (Residence) (Class BS) subclass 801 visa may be refused. James has also told you that he has been working as a geotechnical engineer in Melbourne since having completed his four year degree from the University of Melbourne on 15 November 2015. He thinks that the employer might be happy to sponsor him. The company has informed James that they hold a valid Standard Business Sponsorship. Answer the following questions: As James has studied full time for 4 years in Australia, can he lodge a valid application for a Skilled (Provisional) (Class VC) Subclass 485 visa? Will he meet the criteria for the grant of the subclass 485 visa? Explain your answers. (300 words, 6 marks) Can James lodge a valid application for a Temporary Business Entry (Class UC) subclass 457 visa? If so, outline what criteria he will need to satisfy for the visa to be granted. (300 words, 6 marks) If the DIBP refuses James application for the Partner (Residence) (Class BS) subclass 801 visa before lodging an application for another visa, what will be James visa status in Australia? (150 words, 3 marks) 2 . 750 Words Melissa Jones is a citizen of the USA and is in Australia on a Student (Class TU) Subclass 573 visa. Melissa is 22 years old and in July 2016 will complete the third year of a 4 year Bachelor degree at the University of Sydney. She is due to complete her studies in July 2017. Melissa completed High School in California, USA in July 2012 and then took 12 months off to travel and work in Europe before starting her studies in Australia and moving in to live with her mother and step-father in Sydney. Melissas mother has just been granted a Partner (Residence) (Class BS) Subclass 801 visa in Australia as she has been married to an Australian citizen for 3 years. Melissa was listed as a non-migrating dependent on the subclass 801 visa application when it was lodged in January 2015. Melissas father is deceased and she has an older sister still residing in the USA. Melissa previously was not interested in residing in Australia but she has since changed her mind and would like to know her options for remaining permanently in Australia with sponsorship from her mother. She would like to know if there are any issues with her proving she is dependent on her mother and what documentation is required to prove this dependency. Write a letter of advice to Melissa explaining: the requirements to lodge a valid and successful application for a permanent visa in Australia based on sponsorship from her mother; any issues with her dependency on her mother; and what documents are required to prove dependency. 3 : 750 Words Brians employer used their own Migration Agent to lodge an SBS nomination and 457 visa application for Brian on 24 June 2016. Brian comes in for an interview and you write up the following file note after the interview. Meeting with Brian Park, 5.30pm Friday 24 June 2016 Now that the 457 visa application is validly lodged, his employer has told him that he has to work every weekend so he is not happy about this and is thinking of quitting. He and his partner, Ellie Jones, have moved in together now and opened a joint bank account last week. They have also now registered their de facto relationship. Brian has decided to lodge a partner visa application and withdraw his application for a subclass 457 visa. However, he is concerned that Ellie sponsored another spouse 3 years ago on a partner visa relationship lasted about 2 years and that person left soon after getting his PR. Ellie thinks that her sponsored partner used her to get his permanent visa. Her friends all told Ellie that he was no good. Ellie was divorced in September 2015 but the whole experience has left her with depression and she has been unable to work for the last few months. She is receiving counselling and seeing a psychiatrist. Even before they moved in together Brian had been supporting her financially and now they are living on his wage. Seems that Ellie has become very dependent on him. He will not have the money to lodge the partner visa until Tuesday 28 June as the money is being wired over from his father. The CEO of your agency has directed that you lodge a partner application online as soon as the money is in your client account. Given that Brian by then will hold a BVA and Ellie has previously been a sponsor, the CEO wants you to prepare a submission to the DIBP addressing these two issues. Your submission should explain: why Brians BVA and Ellies previous sponsorship are obstacles to them being granted a Partner visa; and how your client can overcome those obstacles? Answer: 1(a) Students use the temporary graduate visa (sub class 485) internationally who have been graduated recently from any educational institution that is Australian. The visa helps those students to stay in the territory of Australia after the completion of their studies. There are several requirements that are to be followed for availing the said visa[1]. The requirements that are required to be followed in case of making the application for the Temporary Graduate Visa (subclass 485) are as follows: The applicant must be less than the age of fifty years. The applicant is in Australia. The applicant holds a visa, which is eligible. The applicant meets the condition of the requirements of studying in the territory of Australia. The applicant must meet the requirement of knowing the English language. The applicant must have been graduated with an eligible qualification or with such skills and qualifications that relates to an occupation that is provided in the list of skilled occupation[2]. Hence, from the above discussion it can be said that the Temporary Graduate visa allows its applicant to work, live and study in the Australian territory after finishing studies. The students are capable of making the application for accessing the temporary visa only once and that too as an applicant who is primary. The Temporary Graduate visa comprises of two streams or in simple words the visa is granted two times, that is during the graduation program and the post-study program[3]. In the scenario that is provided, James fulfills the entire requirements that are needed to be fulfilled for making the application for temporary visa. Hence, it can be said that James can apply for the said visa. 1 (b) The Temporary Work (skilled) visa (subclass 457) is that visa that permits any skilled worker to travel to Australia to start working in that occupation that is nominated for the approval of their sponsor for a maximum period of four years. There are several requirements that are to be followed to make the application for this visa[4]. The requirements that are to be followed for making the application of this visa are as follows: The application must be sponsored by any business that is sponsored. The applicant must have the skills that are required for filling the position that is nominated by the business that is approved. The Temporary Work visa makes the allowance of the skilled workers to visit the territory of Australia for working in any business that is approved for a period of four years. The primary requisite for making the application of this visa is to be sponsored by any business that is approved[5]. Any business can make the sponsor of someone for the said visa only in the event, when they could not find any citizen of Australia or any of its residents who are permanent to do such skilled work. Any applicant can make the application while staying inside or outside the territory of Australia[6]. In the case that is provided, it can be depicted that the relationship with his sponsor that is Susan has subject to a break down. In the present time, there is no business where James is getting the sponsorship for working there. Hence, it can be said that James cannot apply the Temporary Work visa. James could make the application for the Temporary Work visa once he gets a sponsor again who would nominate him for any position of his business. Until then he has to be under the Temporary Graduate Visa (subclass 485) visa. 1(c) If the DIPB refuses the application of James for the Partner (Residence) (Class BS) subclass 801 visa, before lodging an application for another visa, then James visa status shall become inoperative in Australia[7]. His stay in Australia shall become illegal hence; James will have to apply for another visa the moment his partner visa is rejected. James may get the decision reviewed by the tribunal of the Administrative Appeals for re consideration of his visa application. If the Administrative Appeals reconsiders the matter and requests the applicant to re apply for the visa then the chances of visa approval for the second time is really high. 2: Dear Melissa, I have received your issue about application of visa and I have reviewed your case in the light of Australian Immigration Law. From the facts that you have provided me with, I know that presently you are studying in Australia with visa subclass 573. You shall be completing your degree of bachelor in the year 2017 and now I have received your concern that you want to stay in Australia with permanent visa. I know that your mother has been given a partner visa under subclass 801 as she was married to an Australian citizen for the past three years. Therefore, I shall advise you to apply for permanent visa that shall be dependent on the sponsorship of your mother. In this letter, I shall explain to you the requirements needed to file a permanent visa that shall be dependent on sponsorship of your mother. If a child applied for child visa subclass 802 then the child shall be able to stay in Australia for an imprecise period. Parents can also apply for their child, if the child is less than 18 years. However, parents can apply for their child in behalf of their children who are less than 18 years. Parents who have the capability of applying visa in behalf of their children should an Australian citizen or a citizen of New Zealand. At the time of making the visa application, it is important that children continue their stay in Australia. Children who are born in Australia automatically obtain the citizenship of Australia or if the parents of those children whose parents are already citizen of Australia. Either people or children who want to stay in Australia for their entire lifetime shall have to apply for a permanent visa or they may apply for permanent citizenship of Australia[8]. If a less is not married or is not in an unmarried relationship, he shall have the capability of applying for permanent visa. Such children shall be less than 18 years of age. Children above the age of 18 years, in special circumstances, can also be regarded as child. A child can obtain sponsorship from a person who is a citizen of Australia or is a holder of permanent visa in Australia; such persons can sponsor people who want to continue their stay in Australia[9]. Children who are studying in Australia with student visa and their parents hold permanent visa, then the child may also continue his stay in Australia with permanent resident visa. However, for applying for permanent visa the child has to stay in Australia during the time when he has made the application[10]. In your given case scenario, your mother shall have to sponsor your stay in Australia and she will be the one who will be helping you in applying your permanent visa. If the child is more than 18 years of age studying in Australia with student visa then he or she should be between the ages of 18 to 25 years, and should be relying on his parents for economic support. Your mother has to submit the online form 40H and make the application for your sponsorship in the internet in the website of the department of Immigration. The following details should be included in the sponsorship form: Proof their relationship with the child Proof that they are the citizen of Australia or a citizen of New Zealand If the sponsor is sponsoring a relative who is orphan, then they should give evidence of their sponsor residing in Australia[11]. The issue that you may face here is related to the time span of your education, which is 12 months. In normal circumstances, the time taken for education should not be more than 6 months but in your case, you shall take one-year time for completion of your bachelor course. If we get this granted by the DIPB then your time period may get extended. The discretion lies in the hands of the DIPB to grant your stay in Australia by increasing the time span of your education. To prove that you are dependent on your mother for financial or monetary support, you may be required to submit additional documents in that regard. These documents shall be enough to prove dependency between you and your mom. Your mother has to complete the form and along with the application of child visa. The sponsor, that is your mother, have to fill in the form and propose it to the Department of Immigration and Border Protection. After the application is submitted to the respective Department, you have to wait for some time until the visa is approved. Conclusively, I hope that my advice regarding Child Visa under subclass 801 shall be helpful for you. In case you need any further help you may email me at migration.australia@immigration.com Yours sincerely, Migration Agent 3: Aaa Bbb Migration Department of Australia, 40, Sunnyside Avenue Australia- 400051 Date: 2 July 2016 To whom it may concern, Dear Sir, This is to bring to your kind attention that, Brian and Ellie are my clients for quite some time and both of them want to apply for partner visa as they have already registered their de facto relationship with the Department of Immigration, Australia. Initially, Brian lodged for visa application under 457 successfully; however, later he wanted to withdraw his application for subclass 457 visa[12]. Ellie, about three years ago, filed for partner visa when she was married to some other person who initially left her, the moment he received the PR. Ellie stated that her first husband used her for receiving permanent visa. In the month of September 2015, Ellie was divorced. Brian is a holder of BVA. BVA means bridging visa. As per the general rule of brigdging visa, a person is granted this visa when the applicant is physically present in Australia. A BVA shall allow him to stay in Australia until the partner visa is granted. A person to whom a BVA is granted and is an applicant of partner visa then he or she has no restrictions on working. This means that the person have full working rights when the BVA is granted to the applicant[13]. However, for Brian the current BVA may become a concern for him, as he may not be allowed to work because of cancellation of visa 457. Hence, Brian may have to seek an alternative to the BVA that is BE. The BVE allows people to stay in Australia until their current visa is approved. Therefore, Brian should be careful of the BVA that he is holding now as cancellation of visa under subclass 457 may lead to cancellation of his BVA. Hence, I shall advise Brian not to cancel his visa under subclass 457 and keep relying on it until partner visa is granted. Once he is granted with partner visa, he shall have the authority to stay in Australia and work without any hindrances. This may help in easy approval of the partner visa. For being granted a successful visa application, couples should be married or should be in a de facto relationship. In the case of my clients, they have already applied for de facto relationship. However, the issue here is that Ellie already has an existing partner visa even though her partner has left and is divorced. The Immigration law of Australia states that a person cannot apply for two types of visa at the same time. In case, there is a need that the person needs to apply for two kinds of visas at the same time he or she needs to cancel the first kind of visa and then apply for the second one. Additionally, there is also a requirement to prove that there is a minimum time gap of 5 years for applying a new partner visa. In the case of Ellie, this is not so however, the partner visa may be granted if she is able to prove that her situation is a compassionate or compelling one. Ellie is not working, being the sponsor of Brian she has to show that she has strong economic stay, how ever, this is not the case, Ellie herself is not working. Hence, Ellie needs to cancel her existing visa and apply for a fresh partner visa with Brian and show that she has a strong monetary position. Ellie may also have to submit her divorce application at the time of applying her visa as a proof to the Department that her previous visa does not exists. The moment the divorce application is submitted her previous partner visa may be cancelled. Sponsorship less than 5 years is not possible. As per Regulation 1.20J (1AA) (1) (a)(i), (b), (c), a sponsorship of less than 5 years may be accepted but in compelling or compassionate circumstances. Cases have to judged and determined whether there is existence of enough reason to declare a given situation as compelling or compassionate. Compelling or compassionate circumstances includes death of the partner, abandoning of a partner, dependency of the child on parents or a new relationship[14]. Such situations are regarded as compelling or compassionate in nature. The situations are not exhaustive. The DIPB has the authority to grant visa for the second time only when there is an existence of a compassionate or compelling situations. Likewise, the situation of Brian is very compelling and for such compelling or compassionate situation, he may be granted visa for the second time. The DIPB may use his discretion and it may grant visa if they think that the situation of Brian is very c ompassionate or compelling[15]. Conclusively, I would like to make a humble request to the DIPB for approving the visa to make their applicant expedient. I shall be awaiting a positive reply from your end. The relevant documents have been attached with this letter. Kindly review them and grant them a partner visa for allowing them to continue their stay in Australia. Reference List: Aas, Katja Franko.The borders of punishment: migration, citizenship, and social exclusion. Oxford University Press, 2013. Beine, Michel, et al. "Measuring immigration policies: preliminary evidence from IMPALA."CESifo Economic Studies61.3-4 (2015): 527-559. Dudley, Michael, et al. "Children and young people in immigration detention."Current Opinion in Psychiatry25.4 (2012): 285-292. Fitzgerald, Jennifer, David Leblang, and Jessica C. Teets. "Defying the law of gravity: The political economy of international migration."World Politics66.03 (2014): 406-445. Gest, Justin, et al. "Measuring and comparing immigration, asylum and naturalization policies across countries: Challenges and solutions."Global Policy5.3 (2014): 261-274. Hollifield, James, Philip Martin, and Pia Orrenius.Controlling immigration: A global perspective. Stanford University Press, 2014. Kofman, Eleonore. "Towards a gendered evaluation of (highly) skilled immigration policies in Europe."International Migration52.3 (2014): 116-128. Korostil, Igor A., et al. "Near elimination of genital warts in Australia predicted with extension of human papillomavirus vaccination to males."Sexually transmitted diseases40.11 (2013): 833-835. Koslowski, Rey. "Selective migration policy models and changing realities of implementation."International Migration52.3 (2014): 26-39. Law, Siew Fang, and Cynthia Mackenzie. "Aussie, Aussie, Aussie, Oi, Oi, Oi: Situating and Understanding Social Identities in Australia."Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory. Springer International Publishing, 2016. 349-366. Martinez, Omar, et al. "Evaluating the impact of immigration policies on health status among undocumented immigrants: a systematic review."Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health17.3 (2015): 947-970. Nethery, Amy, Brynna Rafferty-Brown, and Savitri Taylor. "Exporting detention: Australia-funded immigration detention in Indonesia."Journal of Refugee Studies26.1 (2013): 88-109. Newman, Louise, Nicholas Proctor, and Michael Dudley. "Seeking asylum in Australia: immigration detention, human rights and mental health care."Australasian Psychiatry21.4 (2013): 315-320. Newman, Louise. "Seeking asylumtrauma, mental health, and human rights: An Australian perspective."Journal of Trauma Dissociation14.2 (2013): 213-223. Powell, Rebecca, Leanne Weber, and Sharon Pickering. "Counting and accounting for deaths in Australian immigration custody."Homicide studies17.4 (2013): 391-417. Rowe, Francisco, Jonathan Corcoran, and Alessandra Faggian. "Mobility patterns of overseas human capital in Australia: the role of a newgraduate visa scheme and rural development policy."Australian Geographer44.2 (2013): 177-195. Sanggaran, John-Paul, Bridget Haire, and Deborah Zion. "The health care consequences of Australian immigration policies."PLoS Med13.2 (2016): e1001960. Volpp, Leti. "Imaginings of space in immigration law."Law, Culture and the Humanities(2012): 1743872111435963. [1] Hollifield, James, Philip Martin, and Pia Orrenius.Controlling immigration: A global perspective. Stanford University Press, 2014. [2] Powell, Rebecca, Leanne Weber, and Sharon Pickering. "Counting and accounting for deaths in Australian immigration custody."Homicide studies17.4 (2013): 391-417 [3] Nethery, Amy, Brynna Rafferty-Brown, and Savitri Taylor. "Exporting detention: Australia-funded immigration detention in Indonesia."Journal of Refugee Studies26.1 (2013): 88-109. [4] Newman, Louise, Nicholas Proctor, and Michael Dudley. "Seeking asylum in Australia: immigration detention, human rights and mental health care."Australasian Psychiatry21.4 (2013): 315-320. [5] Martinez, Omar, et al. "Evaluating the impact of immigration policies on health status among undocumented immigrants: a systematic review."Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health17.3 (2015): 947-970. [6] Korostil, Igor A., et al. "Near elimination of genital warts in Australia predicted with extension of human papillomavirus vaccination to males."Sexually transmitted diseases40.11 (2013): 833-835. [7] Volpp, Leti. "Imaginings of space in immigration law."Law, Culture and the Humanities(2012): 1743872111435963. [8] Sanggaran, John-Paul, Bridget Haire, and Deborah Zion. "The health care consequences of Australian immigration policies."PLoS Med13.2 (2016): e1001960 [9] Fitzgerald, Jennifer, David Leblang, and Jessica C. Teets. "Defying the law of gravity: The political economy of international migration."World Politics66.03 (2014): 406-445. [10] Law, Siew Fang, and Cynthia Mackenzie. "Aussie, Aussie, Aussie, Oi, Oi, Oi: Situating and Understanding Social Identities in Australia."Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory. Springer International Publishing, 2016. 349-366. [11] Newman, Louise. "Seeking asylumtrauma, mental health, and human rights: An Australian perspective."Journal of Trauma Dissociation14.2 (2013): 213-223. [12] Kofman, Eleonore. "Towards a gendered evaluation of (highly) skilled immigration policies in Europe."International Migration52.3 (2014): 116-128. [13] Aas, Katja Franko.The borders of punishment: migration, citizenship, and social exclusion. Oxford University Press, 2013 [14] Beine, Michel, et al. "Measuring immigration policies: preliminary evidence from IMPALA."CESifo Economic Studies61.3-4 (2015): 527-559. [15] Gest, Justin, et al. "Measuring and comparing immigration, asylum and naturalization policies across countries: Challenges and solutions."Global Policy5.3 (2014): 261-274.

Mathematics Methodology Classroom Effect on Efficacy of Elementary Teachers

Background of the Study The theoretical concept of this research is teacher efficacy and belief, which originated from Bandura’s self-efficacy in social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986). It has two elements, which include â€Å"efficacy expectations and outcome expectancies† (Bandura, 1986). The author is also quite categorical that efficacy among individuals has been demonstrated in various ways. For example, individuals can undertake self reflection in order to boost their levels of self efficacy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mathematics Methodology Classroom Effect on Efficacy of Elementary Teachers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, they are excellent self-regulators especially if they are allowed to monitor themselves. Other similar characteristics of self efficacy include being proactive, and self-organizing. Bandura notes that human beings usually contribute to the circumstances facing their lives besides the fact that they are products of the same circumstances. Kazempour also shares a similar sentiment about the relationship between the ideas of self-efficacy and teacher efficacy by asserting that they relate to each other (Kazempour, 2008). He noted that teachers who demonstrated confidence in mathematics teaching strategies had the ability to influence their students. In this context, the teacher’s belief has a direct influence on potential student outcomes in mathematics. It is also imperative to mention that teachers can use various strategies to enhance student outcomes and provide appropriate feedback that encourages positive results. As a matter of fact, teachers with high levels of efficacy have the ability to put in place and utilize various types of strategies. It is not possible to deliver the best results and claim efficacies if myriad types of strategies are not sourced and utilized. The role of an elementary teacher should be to impr ove student outcomes through different teaching strategies. Based on this observation, Kazempour (2008) concluded that learners’ performances in mathematics depended on their teacher’s efficacy, because teacher efficacy as dictated by the use of various strategies had a significant influence on the outcome of students. When multiple and efficient strategies are used, learners are easily motivated and therefore are expected to perform exceptionally well. On the same note, Bursal (2007 also noted that the use of self-efficacy in improving mathematics literacy allowed teachers to enhance student outcomes regardless of their social backgrounds or other challenges (Bursal, 2007). Teachers who were aware of self-efficacy stressed the importance of learners in the teaching and learning process. Such teachers made students believe they were a part of the learning process. In this model, learners may feel that their contributions are also important to the class and develop inte rest in the subject (Bursal, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With reference to Bandura’s theoretical framework and other studies on personal efficacy and teacher self-efficacy, teacher efficacy may be defined as the teacher’s â€Å"judgment of his or her capabilities to bring about desired outcomes of student engagement and learning, even among those students who may be difficult or unmotivated† (Bandura, 1986; Ashton, Webb, Doda, 1982a; Ashton, Webb, 1986). It is important to understand the two aspects of teacher efficacy. Teachers also have personal beliefs through which they view the effectiveness of their teaching strategies. In addition, teaching outcome expectancy consists of teachers’ beliefs that effective teaching can effective teaching can create â€Å"positive student learning outcomes regardless of external factors† (Bandura, 198 6; Ashton, Webb Doda, 1982b). Teachers who hold this view believe that external factors such as family background, parental influence, IQ, school conditions, and home environment do not influence a student’s performance in mathematics once the teacher uses the appropriate strategy to enhance the student’s ability to learn and grasp new information. The above is among the strategies that have been employed to boost the efficacy of teachers when handling mathematics at the elementary level. This strategy is indeed an effective mathematics methodology for improving the efficacy of teachers (Cone, 2009). In yet another assertion, the author made it clear that community-based service learning â€Å"significantly influenced pre-service elementary teachers’ outcome expectancy toward equitable science teaching and learning† (Cone 2009, p.26). Cone’s study aimed to establish why pre-service teachers had low levels of teaching efficacy beliefs despite the i mprovement in science and other education courses. Problems may occur when the teacher is not certain about his or her skills or ability to ensure effective teaching. Teacher efficacy accounts for learners’ achievement, teacher behavior, and motivation, but it tends to be specific to certain contexts (Little, 2003). Within the context of mathematics, teaching efficacy focuses on two fundamental areas that relate to two aspects of teacher efficacy: mathematics teaching efficacy and teaching outcome expectancy. Few studies regarding mathematics teaching efficacy among elementary pre-service teachers exist.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mathematics Methodology Classroom Effect on Efficacy of Elementary Teachers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, available studies have shown â€Å"a statistically significant increase in mathematics teaching efficacy after completion of one methods course or a sequen ce of methods courses† (Huinker Madison, 1997; Cakiroglu, 2000). Moreover, such improvements were also evident after completing content in mathematics courses. According to Lee (2010), studies have concentrated on teacher efficacy and correlated its significance to factors like classroom instructional strategies and eagerness to use new approaches in teaching. Both pre-service and in-service teachers who demonstrated high standards of teacher efficacy often used various approaches during their classroom lessons. Czernaik noted that teachers who possessed high standards of self-efficacy were most likely to use inquiry and student-centered teaching and learning methods (Czerniak, 1990). On the other hand, teachers who had low-levels of self-efficacy were likely to apply teacher-centered approaches in the classroom. In addition, teachers who had high standards of teaching efficacy were likely to apply new methods in their classrooms. This could be a difficult method to implement , â€Å"involved risks and would require sharing control with learners† (Czerniak, 1990, p.120). Such teachers attempt to match reforms proposed by the NCTM of 2000. Pre-service teachers often have preconceived beliefs concerning mathematics and their teaching and learning abilities in this subject (Cakiroglu, 2008). Most of these beliefs originate from their experiences as students. A number of these pre-service teachers have different views about mathematics. According to Cakiroglu, pre-service teachers also noted that exposure to â€Å"reform strategies in mathematics methods courses affected their level of mathematics teacher efficacy† (Cakiroglu, 2000). Hoffman studied the role of â€Å"self-efficacy beliefs, mathematics anxiety, and working memory capacity in problem-solving accuracy, response time, and efficiency; i.e., the ratio of problem-solving accuracy to response time (Hoffman, 2010). He noted that there were differences in â€Å"self-efficacy role on ef ficiency and response time, and a possible compensatory association between self-efficacy and mathematics anxiety in relation to efficiency outcomes† (Hoffman, 2010). Some past studies have noted that pre-service teachers with high standards of mathematics teacher efficacy often used manipulative instructional strategies. When manipulative strategies are used, misconceptions that may arise from poor instructional methods are avoided. For example, when mathematical teachers offer instructions to learners, it is vital for them to diagnose the common errors that individual learners often face when carrying out calculations.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It may be possible that a learner persistently fails a particular mathematical problem due to misconceived ideas. If such misconceptions are not dealt with out rightly, the affected learner may continue facing the same mathematical challenge. It is against this backdrop that the mathematical teacher is supposed to make use of instructional exercises that cannot just diagnose the problem, but also assist the learner to solve the mathematical challenge as quickly and effectively as possible. It is inevitable that learners may sometimes experience difficulties when handling mathematical problems. While some of these difficulties may be occasioned by ineffective instructional methods in a classroom environment, it is also possible that students may individually acquire erroneous procedures and misconceptions when they are practicing how to carry out mathematical computations. Perhaps, mathematical instructions should take the form of paper and pencil guideline especially when teachers a re introducing new concepts to young learners Therefore, pre-service teachers who demonstrated high standards of mathematics teacher efficacy were favorable toward reforms in teaching and learning mathematics. On the other hand, pre-service teachers who demonstrated low standards of mathematics teacher efficacy required improvement in their manipulative strategies in order to facilitate teaching mathematics in classrooms. Such outcomes are persistent with some past studies (Battista,1994;Czerniak, 1990). Cakiroglu (2000) is of the opinion that pre-service teachers must understand the importance of classroom instructional approaches and teacher efficacy besides showing their eagerness for adopting reforms in teaching and learning mathematics at the elementary level. The author has used a theoretical model to expound this phenomenon. Cakiroglu noted that it was important for elementary pre-service teachers to take part in â€Å"a mathematics methods course in order to increase mathem atics teacher efficacy† (Cakiroglu, 2000, p.92). In addition, elementary pre-service teachers also require encouragement and outstanding experiences when teaching mathematics method courses. This will allow such teachers to work toward achieving the efficaciousness required by mathematics reforms. It is also vital for pre-service teachers to gain and utilize the much needed teaching experience bearing in mind that long term exposure to different levels of complexities often enhances teacher efficacy and high level delivery of lesson content. To ensure that all these factors are considered, this study will seek to answer the following questions: What are the main impacts of the teachers’ training course on the self-efficacy levels of pre-service teachers? Do self-efficacy and beliefs towards mathematics affect the behavior of pre-service teachers in classrooms and their teaching practices? How do the participants view mathematics, and what is the relationship between th eir perception of mathematics and their classroom practices? What are pre-service teachers’ perceptions of their understanding of the subject of mathematics and their ability to teach the subject? Characteristics of the Subject Population Age range. The age range for research participants will be 20 years and above. This will account for diversity among pre-service teachers in the United States. Gender. Research participants will consist of both female and male pre-service teachers in the ratio of 1:1 respectively. Number of participants. Approximately 14 to 18 pre-service teachers in Indiana university of Pennsylvania Sample. The researcher will determine the appropriate sample based on the population of pre-service teachers in the region of the study. This sample will consist of pre-service teachers enrolled in a method class. Inclusion criteria. The study will include only Indiana University of Pennsylvania students who are majoring in education (pre-service) and are trai ning as mathematics teachers at the elementary level. Vulnerable subjects No vulnerable subjects will be included in the study. The participants are adult and volunteers. They can withdraw at any time in the study. Methods and Procedures Method of Subject Selection In order to conduct the study, a list of pre-service teachers in Indiana University of Pennsylvania will be obtained from the coordinators of the mathematics departments. Each of the mathematics department will be requested to avail 3 male and 3 female participants in order to balance the number of participants in the survey. Study Site The study site for each interview will be in University settings. However, she will also respect the wishes of respondents. Therefore, respondents are free to choose a location for the interview. Methods and Procedures Applied to Human Subjects Firstly, I will send the survey to everyone by the email n the beginning of the semester then at the end of the semester I will ask the class to pa rticipate in the interview. In the end of the semester the one who agree to participate will sign the consent and put it in the box. I will then interview them individually in a university sitting The study will engage respondents in a face-to-face interview. This will provide the opportunity to gather the in-depth information necessary for the study question. The preferred place for the interview is a school environment. This is necessary to ensure professional tone during the process. The study will use survey questionnaires to gather data. The study will involve the use of tape recorders. The researcher will transcribe all collected data and draw his conclusions. This is a preliminary stage of collecting data for the main study. Collected data will help the researcher to identify common themes and formulate appropriate study questions. Risks or Benefits Potential Risks This study does not pose any form of risk to research participants. There is no form of intervention in the stud y. Protection against Risks The study does not pose risks to participants. Therefore, no protection against potential risk is necessary. Potential Benefits This study will assess the pre-service teachers’ attitudes, beliefs, and efficacy toward mathematics. From the results of the study, the relationship between self-efficacy and teaching practices will be determined. Finally, the study will discuss measures that can be taken to ensure that teachers’ training processes are effective and lead to the development of professionals who are effective and efficient in performing their duties. Compensation for participation: Participants for the study will not be compensated, as their involvement will be voluntary. Alternatives to participation: There will be no alternatives to participation. Information withheld: All the information provided by the participants will be confidential. Debriefing – A summary of the procedures and results of the study will be made availab le to any participant at the end of the study. Privacy or Confidentiality Confidentiality Prior to the interview process, the confidentiality of the respondents will be guaranteed. The information gathered from the study will not be accessed by any unauthorized individuals except in the event of an investigation where a warrant has been issued. The researcher will store personal information as well as the data generated from the study in a secure location. Consequently, the confidentiality of the respondents will be maintained during the data analysis and interpretation phases. In the event a participant wishes not to be included or continue with the process, the questionnaires that have been administered to him/her will be destroyed immediately. References Ashton, P. T., Webb, R. B., Doda, N. (1982a). A study of teacher sense of efficacy, Final Report Volume 1. Florida: Foundation of Education University of Florida. Ashton, P. T., Webb, R. B., Doda, N. (1982b). A study of teache rs’ sense of efficacy, Final Report Volume 2. Florida: Foundation of Education University of Florida. Ashton, P.T., Webb, R.B. (1986). Making a difference: Teachers’ sense of efficacy and student achievement. New York: Longman. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 34, 191-215. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Battista, M. T. (1994). Teacher beliefs and the reform movement of mathematics education. Phi Delta Kappan, 75, 462-470. Bursal, M. (2007). Turkish preservice elementary teachers’ self- efficacy beliefs regarding mathematics and science teaching. International Journal of science and Mathematics Education, 8(4), 649-666. Cakiroglu, E. (2000). Preservice elementary teachers’ sense of efficacy in reform oriented mathematics. Indiana: Indiana University. Cakiroglu, E. (2008). The teaching efficacy beliefs of pre-service teachers in the USA and Turkey. Journal of Education for Teaching, 34(1), 33-44. Cone, N. (2009). Pre-service elementary teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs about equitable science teaching: Does service learning make a difference? Journal of Elementary Science Education, 21(2), 25-34. Czerniak, C. M. (1990). A study of self-efficacy, anxiety, and science knowledge in preservice elementary teachers. Atlanta, GA: the National Association for Research in Science Teaching. Hoffman, B. (2010). â€Å"I think I can, but I’m afraid to try†: The role of self-efficacy beliefs and mathematics anxiety in mathematics problem-solving efficiency. Learning and Individual Differences, 20(3), 276–283. Huinker, D., Madison, S. K. (1997). Preparing efficacious elementary teachers in science and mathematics: The influence of methods courses. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 8(2), 107-126. Kazempour, M. (2008). Exploring attitudes, beliefs, and self efficacy of pre-service elementary teachers enrolled in a science methods course and factors responsible for possible changes. Ann Arbor: UMI Dissertations Publishing. Lee, T. (2010). Teaching mathematics creatively, New York, NY: Taylor Francis. Little, M. E. (2003). Successfully teaching mathematics, Educational Forum, 67(3-6). This essay on Mathematics Methodology Classroom Effect on Efficacy of Elementary Teachers was written and submitted by user J0anna to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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buy custom United States Department of Health essay The content from this paper is based on a case study from the United States Department of Health on the emphasis of the organizational structure where some of the topics such as policy, bureaucracy, accountability and effectiveness will be tackled. In the case study, one will realize the reason for choosing decentralization as an organizational structure, which is effective for the Department of Health and Human Services (Radin, 1992). The paper will also outline the political factors found in the DHHS that are found to affect its organizational structure. Finally, the paper will establish the important findings of the case study and the implications, which might be applicable in the future. Assertion 1 The first assertion is based on the reason for decentralization. This can be explained by looking at the fact that the DHHS decided to embark on this management approach to enable it become competitive in the market. Decentralization is applicable for the institution since it is applicable in the public agencies without having defaults in the future. This choice was based on skills, personality and experiences, which were exhibited by the staff members (Shalala, 1998). The implementation of the program issues that the department was going to deal with as the DHHS is seen to be a large institution. Therefore, this approach was very much applicable to them as they noticed that the program provided a centralized strategy of control. The Clinton administration established a strategy controlled by a secretary who had staff members who were ready to work with agendas laid on the table. Assertion 2 The case study contains some political aspects associated with the whole DHHS. Its establishment encouraged these political aspects after the Clinton administration took over. The individuals were loyal to the secretary and were termed to be experts in their fields. They were also able to operate in way seen to be collegial. They were later replaced with the people with the same capability and they never completed the two terms. The people who replaced them had political characteristics, which made them competitive (Radin, 1992). The first political characteristic is being knowledgeable. These individuals were professionals at their areas of expertise and responsible in their areas. In their contribution to the program, they managed to induce research, administrative and knowledge, which is programmatic. The individuals later managed to build the political stabilities, as they were able to command respect from their constituencies. This also built their reputation among their staff m embers which intern gave them a long-term support as they supported commitment to the action agenda. This was later recognized in the 18-month tenure that was associated with their political appointments. The second political aspect is based on their loyalty to the secretary. The staff in this department had no choice rather than being loyal to the secretaries due to the orders from the president. The loyalty of the staff remained vibrant to the secretary where they never had any occasion of conflicting agendas with the secretary (Miles, 1974). Some of the staff members were forced to resign after they disagreed with the white house. This was seen to be the main reason for personal commitment created by the staff members to have a common agenda with the secretary. The implementation is also seen to influence collegiality and openness among in reference to the political aspect. This enabled most of the top staff members to develop personal relationship, which enabled them to work properly without differences (Radin, 1992). This was an important tool for them to reinforce social events, which were places to discuss important issues. The individuals that do not have close ties to one ano ther have to be become hypocrites to fit into the congregation and show team work. Assertion 3 The case study has been able to establish some of the important aspects of organizational structures, which include policy, bureaucracy, accountability, and effectiveness, which the establishment of DHHS was able to attain. However, one of the important aspects of establishing this program is based on effectiveness. The setup of the program ensured the focusing on the substantive issues, which would later lead to the effectiveness of the program (Shalala, 1998). This was made possible with the assistance of the secretary who initiated specific policies to the staff. The policies change every year to enable the program experts prioritize on having a long-term establishment of continuity. Conclusion and implication for the future The HHS has had the privilege of being lead by Donna Shalala after its establishment. This has been seen to be one of the people who should imitated in order to be crowned as future leaders of the world in HHS. On the other hand, there are some important implications, which the case study has provided and should be implemented in the future. The first important implication is the tailoring of the management style in order to be increase the strength of individual in relation to the predilection of the leader (Radin, 1992). This implies that it has always been impossible to have a management strategy, which has a single measure related to effectiveness. Rather, the strategy being implemented should be capable to be idiosyncratic and favorable to the managers involved. The second implication is based on acknowledging the responsibility given to the individuals responsible for the implementation of program, as they are the core of the entire organization (Shalala, 1998). This can also be explained by the fact that the staff unit, which is given control, is always the core of the program. In this case, it is the office of the secretary, which has been given the mandate to oversee the success of the program. Buy custom United States Department of Health essay

Compare between two institutions policies Research Paper

Compare between two institutions policies - Research Paper Example Human resource department in an organization carries out a number of functions for the management of the workforce including recruitment, selection, development, orientation, performance, and career path management (Zanko, 2002). This study aims at analyzing employee development as a human resource function as integrated in human resource functions of Shell and Qatar Petroleum. This will be done through numerating the various ways both organizations have similar employee development methods followed by the difference as represented by the policies implemented on employee decision making in Shell and Qatar Petroleum. Employee development augments the skills and understanding of the employees for the achievement of high productivity by the organization and ability of employees to achieve their own personal goals of career development and promotion in the organization (Schmidheiny, 1992). Since employee development ensures the organization has enough human capital with adequate skills a nd knowledge, therefore, it is very important to be implemented in any organization. At shell, a number of measures are taken to ensure the development of employees. In Qatar Petroleum, measures to improve employee development have also been implemented. ... en Shell and Qatar Petroleum in employee development is that the two companies have realized on the need to develop their employees through the provision of measures for employee development. The two companies understand the benefits of a motivated, skilled and well trained human resource as depicted in the different policies and practices harnessed in ensuring employee development is done in both companies (International Business Publications, 2012). Both Shell and Qatar Petroleum offer training of employees for the benefit of the employees in terms of career development and augments their skills in meeting the company’s needs. The measures taken to ensure employment training however differ in the two companies. Qatar provides employee development through the Qatar Petroleum Corporate Training Department (CT), to ensure all employees have enough skills as required by the company. The ways that are used by Qatar Petroleum Corporate Training Department (CT) include provision of professional and training programs. This is similar to Shell where professional training and development is done by the human resource development department in the organization. Shell and Qatar Petroleum have a similar decision making in human resource development that is the exposure of the employees. Employees in both companies area offered opportunities to work in an international environment since the two companies operate in different countries offering the means for the access of these global environment training opportunities. Shell and Qatar Petroleum provide its employees with different training destinations beyond their home country, mainly middle and high level management, in the subsidiaries. Being global companies, employees have opportunities to work with colleagues from around

The scientific method Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The scientific method - Lab Report Example Then I would sow each type of grass seed in an equal number of sunny and shady grid cells. I would ensure the entire yard was watered and fertilized equally. The causal variable in the experiment would be the amount of sunlight the seed received. I would isolate this variable by controlling other potential causal variables such as fertilizer and water application. After four weeks, I would begin collecting data on the experiment. I would collect observable data on the percentage of each grid space that was sprouting grass. The response variable would be the germination of grass seed. The percentage of each grid would be combined to give me an overall germination percentage. This is how I would interpret my data and this is what I would use to make my decision on which seed I would buy. Developing this experiment has taught me several things about the scientific method. The first thing I realized is that in the implementation of the procedure, you need to account for variables if you are going to have valid results. In my experiment, I needed to make sure water and fertilizer was spread all over the year equally. If part of the yard was watered and the other was not, then the data could be misleading. Another thing I realized is that in science, you need to have a good way to collect the data. I thought of dividing the yard into a grid so I could get more specific information. Without the grid, I would have needed to look at just shady spots or sunny spots. The problem with that is as the sun travelled across the side, the shady and sunny areas would move. I could even go so far as to label or record the percentage of the day each grid was in full sun or

The economics of Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The economics of Crime - Essay Example There are two aspects to consider when undertaking a study of the death penalty. The first aspect is whether or not the penalty is effective as a crime preventative measure. The second is whether or not the effectiveness of the prevention, no matter how effective it may or may not be, is worth the immorality of the taking of another’s life. The question relates to whether or not the right of the state to forfeit a life falls within the expectation of moral and ethical behavior that the worldwide community believes is fair and just. In considering the final nature of the death penalty and the lack of truly effective prevention from the threat of the death penalty, the forfeiture of life by the state does not seem to have merit. World wide opinion on the use of the death penalty as an effective tool for the prevention of crime has been diminished over the last two decades. According to Amnesty International (2010), two-thirds of the countries of the world do not have the death penalty and of the 58 remaining countries, most do not use the death penalty although they have it as an option. The United States, an economic and social leader in the world, still uses the death penalty as a punishment for crime. According to the American website Death Penalty Information Center (2010), 2009 saw 52 executions, all but one of which was done through lethal injection. Larry Bill Elliot was executed in the state of Virginia through the use of an electric chair. It has only been in recent history within the United States that the death penalty for juveniles was abolished. A sum total of 228 juvenile offenders were sentenced for life ending measures between the years of 1973 and 2004 with 22 of those ending in executions and 134 received commuted sentences (Lawrence & Hemmens, 2008, p. 34). A United States Supreme Court decision in the case of Roper v Simmons abolished the

Study On The Paleolithic Age History Essay

Study On The Paleolithic Age History Essay The Paleolithic Age was a period of technology that was developed from stone. The advancements of the Neolithic Age lead to new technologies which introduced metal tools. Also the Neolithic houses were built of mud brick and were more secure compared to the Paleolithic shelters. Their dwellings were constructed sturdier because the people lived more stable lives and there was no need to be so mobile. The invention of pottery was another big advantage that the Neolithic people had over the Paleolithic people. The Neolithic Revolution led to settlements and the advancement of group living. Also, after the Neolithic revolution began more intricate community situations led to improved and more complex forms of communication. The Neolithic revolution also led to the growth of governments and higher forms of organization because now that people were living in settlements they started separating the labor. I also think trade stemmed from this revolution because now people would now trade the extra food that they grew for other things they did not have. Lastly in my opinion the Neolithic Revolution also lead to the change from a matriarchal classification to a more patriarchal classification. 2. The Caste System had many advantages and disadvantages. The first disadvantage in my opinion is that the weak were oppressed by the social and politically advantaged people in the name of faith and customs. I also think the Caste System brought about division and resentment that in turn evolved into disunity among the Indian Society. This made India weak against foreign invasion. The biggest disadvantage was that the caste system was based on birth rather than individual talent or skills. Lastly, I think the Caste System created an individual class called the untouchables which were treated less than human. An advantage to the Caste System is that it played an important part in shaping profitable activities in Indian Society. This was made feasible because a distinct system of shared interdependence through a division of labor forms protection for those within a group. Another advantage was that each caste became an expert in their own area of trade. I think the Caste System reflected Indian society in a very negative manner. The caste system at anytime is appalling, it is hypercritical, and without the feeling of affection. I think one major problem it caused was a power struggle between the Brahmins and Kshatriyas. I think the Caste System became an outcome of human greediness and arrogance and it developed into an awfully harsh system of prejudice and domination. 3. The first tenet of Zoroastrianism is the belief in a supreme and universal god. He is the designer, the maintainer, and he protects the good from the wicked. The second important tenet of Zoroastrianism is the belief in the duality of survival. Zoroastrians accept the fact that the earth is a combat zone between good and evil forces. The third tenet is the belief in the holiness of conception. The Zoroastrians believe his conception is holy and marvelous so they feel it is everyones job to keep it unpolluted and sustain order. The last tenet of Zoroastrianism is the belief in the divine character of the Earth and mankind. They believe the material world consisting of flames, water, atmosphere, dirt, vegetation, nature, and humans are much like the body of God. Zoroastrianism is very influential because it is one of the oldest existing religions on the planet. Zarathustra teachings were notice by the ancient Greek and Roman theorists who wrote about his life and teachings. Zoroastrianism brought about the perceptions of Heaven and Hell; the idea that humans have free will faced the judgment by God after death. It basically paved the way for the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Before Zoroastrians influence the Hebrew Bible made no reference of a physical or emotional revitalization. Christianity is believed to be taught through the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth and Zoroastrianism is taught through the prophesy of Zarathustra. These two religions have many similarities. The one similarity that stood out to me was that in both religions there is a belief in afterlife. Also in both religions there is a constant struggle between good and evil. The last thing that stood out was the fact that each religion believed that mankind should have free will. 6. When comparing and contrasting the religions of Hinduism and Buddhism you will first notice that both of these religions originated in the South Asia region. The one thing that stood out to me was that even though they had similar customs and values, they had very different ideas on matters of social organization. The two religions also differ on the ideas of the importance of individual freedom to progress both socially and spiritually. Another big difference is that there was not a specific founder of Hinduism. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in 563 B.C. and Hinduism is more of a collection of different religions and cultures. In Hinduism a person must live their life through Dharma which is a sense of obligation. Through this a person can fulfill his roles in society and the world. In Buddhism a person must live their life through Dharma, which has no social obligations but sets up a definition of right behavior and responsibility. This is done so a person can escape the cycle of suffering and rebirth or samaras and achieve nirvana. In both religions they believe in the process of reincarnation and the effects of Karma. In conclusion, Hinduism and Buddhism both influenced India even though both influenced it in dissimilar ways. The major way that Hinduism influenced India is by the Caste System. The Caste System is the order of social classes of India, and is still acknowledged by some in India, although it is now prohibited. Buddhism influenced India mostly in ways of art with many sculptures which were made in the likeness of Buddha. Buddhists cultured ways of getting in touch with their internal character through the technique of meditation. Buddhists believed in both karma and dharma. Hindus construe this as if reincarnated into an improved social class coming nearer to evading suffering would be possible. 7. The Pax Romana was a time of harmony in the Mediterranean that lasted from the control of Augustus to the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The most outstanding characteristic of this period was the fact that there were two hundred continuous years of peace within Rome. Under this peace time, Augustus was able to extend his reign to Asia Minor. The economy also prospered within this time period by improving many harbors, building roads, clearing forests, and by turning unused land into farms. In my opinion this is also a time where there was an architectural revolution. The Pax Romana was a period of time that proved to be an example of five good rulers. The beginning of the Pax Romana began with the reign of Augustus and lasted forty-five years until his death. As ruler he was able to create a Roman Empire that had a much more balanced foundation. After his death, Rome had a few years of bad rulers. In my opinion The Roman Empire wasnt totally unified during this period. I also think the Pax Romana should not be spoken as the point in time of Roman tranquility which the name itself suggests. The Romans did remunerate wars during this period and there were common strifes as leaders were assassinated and tyranny was fluent. However, it was a time of wealth and progress in every sense. There were many similarities between the Pax Romana and Han China empires, length, area, economic transformation, and territorial expansion stood out to me the most. However, in my judgment the differences are more interesting. Political assimilation in China was obtained by the increase of Confucian values, characters of the emperors, and a bureaucratic government. The powerful Roman law was emphasized over their fragile system of government. Mysticism of emperors was not as dangerous politically, even though many made claim for the position. I think one of the greatest similarities is the development of technology and architecture and also the change in government policies. The major difference in my opinion was the fact that the Roman Empire turned their government into a republic and Han China maintained the structure of the Qin Empire. 8. The main achievements of the Roman Empire was the size of the empire, the advancement of its bureaucratic system, and they had one of the most well-organized, efficient, and vicious armies that the world has ever seen. In my opinion one major limitation that helped effect Romes fall was that usually Roman armies had more allegiance to their general than the state. I feel this contributed to constant civil war which plagued Rome during a large amount of its record. I also think that a very advanced culture would be an achievement of Rome. I also want to add that another limitation is that Rome suffered from a long period of terrible rulers and even with the development of technology wasnt enough to hold this great empire together. One key turning point in Roman History was the overthrow of the Tarquin monarchy by Junius Brutus in 509 BC. After this Rome never converts back to a monarchy. The republic of Rome was then ruled by the Senate and its assembly. I also think the Punic Wars were another major turning point in Roman history. After the Second Punic War, Rome paved the road for its power over Italy and established itself as the main power in the western Mediterranean. This bought about power and wealth to almost the entire region. The last turning point I want to mention is the year of the five emperors. This was the turning point that in my opinion started the decline of the Roman Empire. I think Romes legacy would be that they paved the way for western civilization. I also think the architecture of the Roman Empire was very dominant for its era in history. The Romans also contributed too many changes in British landscape. I also believe that much of Romes literature and writing has influenced the world. Lastly, the Romans will always be remembered because they had the best, well-organized, efficient, and vicious armies that the world has ever seen.

Kings Park Psychiatric Center :: essays research papers fc

The Kings Park Psychiatric Center has had a large effect on the social changes of Long Island. A small town grew larger and prosperous from the direct effect of this State hospital from the time of 1885 to the present. The history of the town, the patients and court cases held, and the concluding plans for the land after its closing have all had a significant mark on the social changes of the town. The first hospital was built in a quiet farming town later named Kings Park. In 1885, officials of what was then the city of Brooklyn established the Kings County Farm on more than 800 acres to care for the mentally ill. Kings Park was only a small part of what would later become a giant chain of connected mental hospitals on Long Island, each with over 2,500 patients at one time.(Bleyer,2) As new buildings went up at Kings Park, so did the patient population. At the turn of the century, Kings Park in just 15 years had grown to, 697 patients and a staff of 454. This dramatic increase had given the hospital a larger population than the rest of the Town of Smithtown. (Sarhaddi) The hospital was very equipped; therefore, not very dependant on the rest of Long Island. All the hospitals built around this time prided themselves on being self-sufficient farm communities. At Kings Park, the three wooden houses grew into more than 150 permanent buildings, including a bakery, Laundromat, amusement hall, bandstand, library, furniture repair shops, and nursing school. Most of the people who lived in Kings Park worked at the Psychiatric Center. Many of them were Irish immigrants brought from their native land more than 50 years ago by relatives who worked at the mental hospital on the Long Island Sound and who had promises of jobs for them too. (Bleyer) During World War II, when many employees joined the armed forces, Central Islip recruited black workers from the Carolinas, which led to cultural changes in the mix of the community. This developed distinct differences between certain areas of race such as African American, Hispanic, and white neighborhoods. Minority groups not allowed to fight in the war or not taken to fight were offered jobs to work at the hospitals. The Kings Park Psychiatric Hospital hadn’t really become very over-populated until the 1960’s. (Sarhaddi) The Kings Park Psychiatric Center was in its Heyday in the 1960’s.

Economic Analysis of Oligopoly Essay

This has been extended and they are now looking to expand their hold on the Australian market by moving into the liquor industry. Julian Lee (2008) highlights Coles and Woolworths move into the industry, by trying to build on their previous acquisitions of liquor outlets to challenge the major brands for a share of the $6 billion per year Australian beer market. The article reveals that Coles and Woolworths plan to ‘give more space to their own beers and promote the beers in their hotels’. The beer market has so far been resistant and has retained a strong brand loyalty. Coles and Woolworths are competing against each other and relying heavily on price discounting and forming supplier contracts to attain exclusive supply. The article questions whether or not these oligopolies will be as successful as previously in attaining their complete dominance because ‘home or exclusive brands’ are currently only a small component of the market. b Justification of the topic ‘Supermarkets brew up a crate full of profits’ is an article that clearly describes the workings on an oligopolistic market. The fact that the market is governed by two powerful firms that have the ability to influence price shows that the market more closely resembles a duopolistic structure. The beer and liquor industry comprises a differentiated oligopoly of which Woolworths and Coles are the main controllers. Woolworths and Coles control between 78 and 80. per cent of the national grocery market according to two 2008 retail surveys (Lenaghan, 2008), indicating a very high seller concentration ratio, and this figure points out the two giants’ share of the supermarket industry, including their diversification into liquor. It is clear that the competitors hope to extend this duopoly in the beer market where they have been less successful. Coles and Woolworths can be justified as a competitive duopoly as they are interdependent. They rely on each other o judge pricing of products and it has been suggested (Moynihan, 2007) that the two powers collude to maximize their profits. Significant barriers to entry for independent competitors have been created including large start up costs. The sheer size of their companies allows them to influence legislation, the fact that they encompass large economies of scale, and their control of raw materials helps these two firms to retain the staggering market share ‘to an extent unparalleled in other countries. ’(Jones, 2005) 2. Economic Analysis It is quite evident that Coles and Woolworths began their crusade of the Australian liquor industry early. Estimates of the ‘take out sales figure would be somewhat over $9 billion of a total liquor market of about $17 billon’ (Jones, 2005). Over the years the rises in productivity and efficiency have enabled the companies to sell at a discounted price. ‘Woolworths has long been engaged in a project to reduce costs through improvements in supply chain logistics’ (Jones 2005). Coles and Woolworths are well aware that this efficiency leads to increasing returns to scale. They hold economies of scale and scope that their nearest rivals cannot compete with and therefore their long run average costs continue to decline whist their output quantities are more than doubling. The long run average cost curve (1) is produced when economies of scale are many and diseconomies of scale are few. 1. 2. It is very clear that Coles and Woolworths association of groceries and liquor retailing is a classic example of oligopolistic firms attempting to further enhance their market. ‘In the mid 80’s Coles bought the Liquorland group signalling its entry into liquor retailing. Coles bought Vintage Cellars in 1992, the Australian Liquor Group in 2001, and the sizeable Theo’s business in 2003. Woolworths bought Victoria’s Dan Murphy in 1999, Tooheys Bros in Sydney in 2000, the Liberty Liquor group (including Harry’s Liquor) in 2001, the Booze Brothers Chain in South Australia in 2000, the Super Cellar group in South Australia in 2003, Bailey & Bailey in South Australia in 2003, and ALH in late 2004. Woolworths also acquired 18 licenses from the purchase of Franklins’ grocery chain in 2001’. (Jones 2005) This shows the industry power that the duopoly own, although as Lee rites they have found that ‘beer has remained resistant’ to the takeover of private home brand labels. Home brand labels have relied on a discounted price to capture the market’s attention, a strategy that will have little success with beer. The beer industry is already dominated by premium, boutique, imported and Aussie favourite beers t hat the chance of finding a large market share is unlikely. At the moment the in-house brands make up ‘just 2%’ of the beer market, most of which is taken up by Sol, a Woolworths brand. The beer industry is unlike the grocery industry where a discounted price is favourable. The Australian brewing duopoly of Fosters and Lion Nathan both believe that ‘branded beer will win out’ and are not worried that the products being forced into the market by Coles and Woolworths ‘will eat into (their) market share’. Coles and Woolworths envisions that the low priced private label brands will increase their demanded quantity from Q1 to Q2 (2) and this in turn will increase their market share and their profits. In the long run they will also be able to force more small independent brewers and sellers out of business because these retailers do not encompass the specialisation skills or labour to be able to price lower than the oligopolists or even match their prices. Although matching any price reduction for the oligopolist who retains significant economies of scale can be treated with simplicity. This can be shown by a downward movement in the marginal cost curve. (3) The prices for the consumer would decrease and the average total cost for the producer also decreases. The local liquor retailer could more often than not, have no success in moving their marginal cost curve to match that of the oligopolists. These independents’ market share and profitability will in effect reduce dramatically. This can then cause possible reductions in the industry shifting the supply curve to the left. For the consumer this is ultimately a negative scenario as the oligopolists who charge a cheaper price at present, will be able to increase their prices once the other competition has been eliminated (4). (3)(4) The article gives light onto the fact that the two giants’ are ‘creating exclusive contracts for (their) retail outlets’ and this restricts competitors selling their brands. ‘Woolworths already distributes Bitburger, Lowenbrau and Amsterdam Mariner, while Coles sells Hollandia, Cantina Cerveza, Bavaria, Estrella Damm, Harviestoun, La Trappe and Konig Pilsner. It also contracts Boag’s – now owned by Lion Nathan – to make Tasman Bitter, Tasman Gold and Hammer ‘n’ Tongs for the chain’. It is clear that already Coles and Woolworths dominates much of the beer market by owning the outlets and the contracts to sell the beer itself. They anticipate that loyal customers will have to come to their outlet when shopping for their regular branded beer. It is also highlighted that ‘imported premium beer sales have grown by 20%’ from January 2007, a figure which is likely to increase. Coles and Woolworths are furthermore using their oligopolist power to create barriers and retaliate at competitors. In 2002 Fosters had no choice but to decide against branching into the retailer market as Coles had began to reduce the stocking of Fosters’ lines in its outlets (Jones, 2005). It had become clear that Coles and Woolworths were not going to let their market be penetrated by other competitors and that notion of collusion seems to be a regular and probable occurrence. Although oligopolists frequently collude, within the beer industry collusion is not yet possible as they are still trying to dominate the existing market. If the two firms were to succeed in their strategy to dominate the market and collude to set higher prices for the consumer their profit margins would be very high and the industry would resemble that of a pure monopoly (5). . Conclusion The $6 billion Australian beer market has proved to be resilient to attempts by the two giants to capture the industry. Ultimately the oligopolists plan to attempt to take hold of the beer market as they have done with groceries and petrol. In the short run, the economies of scale and the continuous logistics improvements provides the consumer with cheaper prices that the independents may not be able to provid e and consequently when the independents are run out of the market the competition and prices of the industry may increase dramatically. Coles and Woolworths are aiming to ‘target the value shopper, and that’s where private label and control labels are playing. ’ The potential success of this is questioned in the article, as within the beer industry the value shopper makes up a ‘small component of the market’. Only time will tell if Coles and Woolworths can continue to extend their previous successes.

All About Chocolates Child Labor and Slavery Problem

All About Chocolate's Child Labor and Slavery Problem Do you know where your chocolate comes from, or what happens in order to get it to you? Green America, a non-profit  ethical consumption  advocacy organization,  points out in this infographic  that although major chocolate corporations rake in tens of billions of dollars annually, cocoa farmers earn just pennies per pound. In many cases, our chocolate is produced using child and slave labor. We in the U.S. chomp down twenty-one percent of the global chocolate supply every year, so it makes sense that we should be informed about the industry that brings it to us. Lets take a look at where all that chocolate comes from, the problems in the industry, and what we as consumers can do to keep child labor and slavery out of our sweets. Where Chocolate Comes From Most of the worlds chocolate begins as cocoa pods grown in  Ghana,  Ivory Coast, and Indonesia, but much is also grown in Nigeria, Cameroon, Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and Peru. Around the world,  there are  14 million rural farmers and  laborers who rely on cocoa farming for their income. Many of them are migrant workers, and nearly half are small farmers. An estimated 14 percent of them- nearly 2 million- are West African  children. Earnings and Labor Conditions The farmers who cultivate cocoa pods  earn less than 76 cents per pound, and because of the inadequate compensation, they must rely on low-wage and unpaid labor to produce, harvest, process, and sell their crops. Most cocoa farming families live in poverty because of this. They have inadequate access to schooling, healthcare, clean and safe drinking water, and many suffer from hunger. In West Africa, where much of the worlds cocoa is produced, some farmers rely on child labor and even enslaved children, many of whom are sold into bondage by traffickers who take them from their home countries. (For more details on this tragic situation, see these stories on BBC and CNN, and this list of academic sources). Massive Corporate Profits On the flip side, the worlds largest global chocolate companies are raking in tens of billion dollars annually, and total pay for the CEOs of these companies ranges from 9.7 to 14 million dollars. Fairtrade International puts the farmers and corporations earnings in perspective, pointing out that producers in West Africa are likely to receive between 3.5 to 6.4 percent of the final value of a chocolate bar containing their cocoa. This figure is down from 16 percent in the late 1980s. Over the same time period, manufacturers have increased their take from 56 to 70 percent of the value of a chocolate bar. Retailers currently see about 17 percent (up from 12 percent over the same time period). So over time, though demand for cocoa has risen annually, and has been rising at a greater rate in recent years, producers take home a decreasing percentage of the value of the final product. This happens because chocolate companies and traders have consolidated in recent years, which means that there are just a handful of very large, monetarily and politically powerful buyers in the global cocoa market. This puts pressure on producers to accept unsustainably low prices in order to sell their product, and thus, to rely on low-wage, child, and slave labor. Why Fair Trade Matters For these reasons, Green America urges consumers to purchase fair or direct trade chocolate this Halloween. Fair trade certification stabilizes the price paid to producers, which fluctuates as it is traded on commodities markets in New York and London, and guarantees a minimum price per pound that is always higher than the unsustainable market price. In addition, corporate buyers of fair trade cocoa pay a premium, on top of that price, that producers can use for development of their farms and  communities. Between 2013 and 2014, this premium poured more than $11 million  into producing communities, according to Fair Trade International.  Importantly, the fair trade certification system guards against child labor and slavery by  regularly auditing  participating farms. Direct Trade Can Help Too Even better than fair trade, in a financial sense, is the direct trade model, which took off in the specialty coffee sector several years ago, and has made its way to the cocoa sector. Direct trade puts more money into producers pockets and communities by cutting the middlemen  out of the supply chain, and by often paying far more than the fair trade price. (A quick web search will reveal direct trade chocolate companies in your area, and those from which you can order online.) The most radical step way from the ills of global capitalism and toward justice for farmers and workers was taken when the late Mott Green founded the Grenada Chocolate Company Cooperative  on the Caribbean island  in 1999. Sociologist Kum-Kum Bhavnani profiled the company in her award-winning documentary about labor issues in the global cocoa trade  and demonstrated  how companies like Grenada offer  a solution to them. The worker-owned cooperative, which produces chocolate in its solar-powered factory,  sources all of its cocoa from the inhabitants of the island for a fair and sustainable price, and returns profits equally to all worker-owners. It is also a forerunner of environmental sustainability in the chocolate industry. Chocolate is a source of joy for those who consume it. Theres no reason that it cant also be a source of joy, stability, and economic security for those who produce it.

Average SAT Scores What They Are and What They Mean

Average SAT Scores What They Are and What They Mean SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When they first start tutoring, almost all students ask the same question: what is the average SAT score? The answer varies a bit every year, but for students in the class of 2013, the average SAT score was a 1497. I’ve created a chart by section below. Critical Reading Math Writing 497 513 487 However, the nationwide average doesn’t actuallymatter! What’s actually important is how your score compares to those of the other students applying to the same colleges and scholarships as you. You’ll need a much higher score to apply to very selective schools like Stanford or Princeton,buta 1500 is a totally acceptable score if you want to apply to smaller campuses of big state school systems. Let’s look at what an average SAT score really means and how it affects you. The National Average Doesn’t Matter - Really! Almosttwo million students take the SAT every year, and they go onto all kinds of different schools,fromIvy League universitiesto local community colleges. The national average includes all of these students'scores. But you're not competing against every single high schooler in the same year as you; you’re only competing against the students who are interested in the same schools and programs as you are. Theimportant thing is to have a score the same as or higher than the average among that group, and whether that average is above or below the national onewill depend entirely on the type of schools you’re interested in. How You Stack Up AgainstYour Peers We've established that the national average doesn't really mean much, but maybe you still want to know how you compare to other students in a general sense. In that case, you might want to look athow your SAT scores compare to those of other students like you, i.e. those with similar grades and backgrounds. To get a sense of how you fit in the range, you can look up at the average SAT score for students at your high school or for those with similar GPAs. Keep in mind, though, that when it comes to college applications, these numbers arealmost as irrelevant as the national one. Adorable dogs duking it out over SAT scores. Average SAT Score for Your High School To find the average SAT score for your school, you can try checking with counseling office ofsearching for â€Å"[your school] SAT scores† on the web. The second approach is more likely to work if you live in an area with high SAT adoption. If you live in an ACT mandatory state, it’s probably easier to find your school's ACT scores and convert them to SAT scores. However, remember that most colleges don’t compare you against your classmates. Though this information can be interesting it shouldn’t be a source of stress. Average SAT Score for High Achievers The average SAT scores for honors students are generally muchhigher than those for all US high schoolers. If you’re a top â…“ honor student, the average SAT score is 1810. If you’re a top 1/10 honor student, the average is 2000. If you’re not scoring that highly, don’t panic. Your personal score goal will still depend on the schools you want to apply to, and plentyof great schools admit mostly students withscores below 2000. The Key Number: The Average SAT Score for Your First-Choice College Ultimately, your SAT score is a tool to help you get into college, so what you really need to know is the average ACT score for students admitted to the school you want to attend. Generally speaking, very selective schools generally have average SAT around 2200, moderately selective schools have an average SAT score around 1800, and less selective schools have an average SAT score around 1550. However, you should look up the specific SAT score range for each school you're planning to apply to. To find this information, check the college’s admissions page or search forâ€Å"[college name] SAT score.† The schools usually list a range from the 25th to 75th percentile - you’ll want to shoot for the higher end of the range. Use the worksheet on this page to calculate your exact target score based on all the schools you’re interested in. What's Next? If you haven't reached your score goal just yet, consider checking out some of our SAT prep resources. You can start with the 5 general strategies you must know and then break yourprep down by section with our ultimate guides to reading, writing, and math (coming soon). Or perhaps you'd fare better with the ACT? Usethese guides to decide whether you might prefer to focus on the ACT: the ACT vs. the current SAT and the ACT vs. the new SAT. But what ifyou're already scoring well on the SAT, but are struggling with a low GPA? This guide can help. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Alex Heimbach About the Author Alex is an experienced tutor and writer. Over the past five years, she has worked with almost a hundred students and written about pop culture for a wide range of publications. She graduated with honors from University of Chicago, receiving a BA in English and Anthropology, and then went on to earn an MA at NYU in Cultural Reporting and Criticism. In high school, she was a National Merit Scholar, took 12 AP tests and scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and ACT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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